Occurrence and fate of CECs (OMPs, ARGs and pathogens) during decentralised treatment of black water and grey water.

Decentralised wastewater treatment is becoming a suitable strategy to reduce cost and environmental impact. In this research, the performance of two technologies treating black water (BW) and grey water (GW) fractions of urban sewage is carried out in a decentralised treatment of the wastewater produced in three office buildings. An Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) treating BW and a Hybrid preanoxic Membrane Bioreactor (H-MBR) containing small plastic carrier elements, treating GW were operated at pilot scale. Their potential on reducing the release of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) such as Organic Micropollutants (OMPs), Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) and pathogens was studied. After 226 d of operation, a stable operation was achieved in both systems: the AnMBR removed 92.4 ± 2.5 % of influent COD, and H-MBR removed 89.7 ± 3.5 %. Regarding OMPs, the profile of compounds differed between BW and GW, being BW the matrix with more compounds detected at higher concentrations (up to µg L-1). For example, in the case of ibuprofen the concentrations in BW were 23.63 ± 3.97 µg L-1, 3 orders of magnitude higher than those detected in GW. The most abundant ARGs were sulfonamide resistant genes (sul1) and integron class 1 (intl1) in both BW and GW. Pathogenic bacteria counts were reduced between 1 and 3 log units in the AnMBR. Bacterial loads in GW were much lower than in BW, being no bacterial re-growth observed for the GW effluents after treatment in the H-MBR. None of the selected enteric viruses was detected in GW treatment line.

Factores clínico-radiológicos asociados con muerte encefálica precoz / Clinico-radiological related to early brain death factors

Objective: To identify clinical and radiological factors associated to early evolution to brain death (BD), defined as occurring within the first 24 h. Design A retrospective cohort study was made covering the period 2015−2017. Setting An adult Intensive Care Unit (ICU).Patients/methodsEpidemiological, clinical and imaging (CT scan) parameters upon admission to the ICU in patients evolving to BD. Results A total of 166 patients with BD (86 males, mean age 62.7 years) were analyzed. Primary cause: intracerebral hemorrhage 42.8%, subarachnoid hemorrhage 18.7%, traumatic brain injury 17.5%, anoxia 9%, stroke 7.8%, other causes 4.2%. Epidemiological data: arterial hypertension 50%, dyslipidemia 34%, smoking 33%, antiplatelet medication 21%, alcoholism 19%, anticoagulant therapy 15%, diabetes 15%. The Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) upon admission was 3 in 68.8% of the cases in early BD versus in 38.2% of the cases in BD occurring after 24 h (p = 0.0001). Eighty-five patients presented supratentorial hematomas with a volume of 90.9 ml in early BD versus 82.7 ml in BD > 24 h (p = 0.54). The mean midline shift was 10.7 mm in early BD versus 7.8 mm in BD > 24 h (p = 0.045). Ninety-one patients presented ventriculomegaly and 38 additionally ependymal transudation (p = 0.021). Thirty-six patients with early BD versus 24 with BD > 24 h presented complete effacement of basal cisterns (p = 0.005), sulcular effacement (p = 0.013), loss of cortico-subcortical differentiation (p = 0.0001) and effacement of the suprasellar cistern (p = 0.005). The optic nerve sheath measurements showed no significant differences between groups.ConclusionsEarly BD (>24 h) was associated to GCS < 5, midline shift, effacement of the basal cisterns, cerebral sulci and suprasellar cistern, and ependymal transudation (AU)

Objetivo: Identificar los factores clínico-radiológicos que se asocian a evolución precoz a muerte encefálica (ME), definida esta como la ocurrida en ≤24 horas Diseño Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo desde 2015 hasta 2017, ambos incluidos. Ámbito Servicio de Medicina Intensiva (SMI) de adultos.Pacientes y métodoAnálisis de variables clínico-epidemiológicas y de la TC craneal de ingreso en pacientes con evolución a ME. Resultados Se analizaron 166 ME, 86 varones, edad media 62,7 años, 42,8% hemorragia intracerebral, 18,7% HSA, 17,5% TCE, 7,8% ictus isquémico, 9% anoxia y 4,2% otras causas; 50% HTA, 34% dislipemia, 33% tabaquismo, 21% antiagregación, 19% enolismo. El 15% anticoagulación, 15% diabetes. El GCS fue tres en el 68,8% en ME precoz frente 38,2% en ME >24 h (p 0,0001); 85 hematoma supratentorial (90,9 mL en ME precoz vs. 82,7 mL ME tardía, p 0,54); 12 hematoma infratentorial. Desplazamiento medio de línea media 10,7 mm en ME precoz vs. 7,8 mm en ME tardía (p 0,045); 91 pacientes ventriculomegalia y 38 trasudado periependimario (p 0,021). Borramiento completo de cisternas basales 36 en ME precoz frente a 24 en ME tardía (p 0,005), borramiento de surcos (p 0,013), pérdida de diferenciación córtico-subcortical (p 0,0001) y ausencia de cisterna supraselar (p 0,005). La medición de la vaina del nervio óptico no mostró diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos.ConclusionesSe asoció con ME ≤ 24 horas el GCS < 5, el desplazamiento de línea media, la pérdida de diferenciación córtico-subcortical, el borramiento de surcos, el borramiento completo de cisternas basales, de la cisterna supraselar y la presencia de trasudado periependimario (AU)

Clinico-radiological related to early brain death factors.

OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical and radiological factors associated to early evolution to brain death (BD), defined as occurring within the first 24 h. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study was made covering the period 2015-2017. SETTING: An adult Intensive Care Unit (ICU). PATIENTS/METHODS: Epidemiological, clinical and imaging (CT scan) parameters upon admission to the ICU in patients evolving to BD. RESULTS: A total of 166 patients with BD (86 males, mean age 62.7 years) were analyzed. Primary cause: intracerebral hemorrhage 42.8%, subarachnoid hemorrhage 18.7%, traumatic brain injury 17.5%, anoxia 9%, stroke 7.8%, other causes 4.2%. Epidemiological data: arterial hypertension 50%, dyslipidemia 34%, smoking 33%, antiplatelet medication 21%, alcoholism 19%, anticoagulant therapy 15%, diabetes 15%. The Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) upon admission was 3 in 68.8% of the cases in early BD versus in 38.2% of the cases in BD occurring after 24 h (p = 0.0001). Eighty-five patients presented supratentorial hematomas with a volume of 90.9 ml in early BD versus 82.7 ml in BD > 24 h (p = 0.54). The mean midline shift was 10.7 mm in early BD versus 7.8 mm in BD > 24 h (p = 0.045). Ninety-one patients presented ventriculomegaly and 38 additionally ependymal transudation (p = 0.021). Thirty-six patients with early BD versus 24 with BD > 24 h presented complete effacement of basal cisterns (p = 0.005), sulcular effacement (p = 0.013), loss of cortico-subcortical differentiation (p = 0.0001) and effacement of the suprasellar cistern (p = 0.005). The optic nerve sheath measurements showed no significant differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Early BD (>24 h) was associated to GCS < 5, midline shift, effacement of the basal cisterns, cerebral sulci and suprasellar cistern, and ependymal transudation.

Clinico-radiological related to early brain death factors. / Factores clínico-radiológicos asociados con muerte encefálica precoz.

OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical and radiological factors associated to early evolution to brain death (BD), defined as occurring within the first 24 hours. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study was made covering the period 2015-2017. SETTING: An adult Intensive Care Unit (ICU). PATIENTS/METHODS: Epidemiological, clinical and imaging (CT scan) parameters upon admission to the ICU in patients evolving to BD. RESULTS: A total of 166 patients with BD (86 males, mean age 62.7 years) were analyzed. Primary cause: intracerebral hemorrhage 42.8%, subarachnoid hemorrhage 18.7%, traumatic brain injury 17.5%, anoxia 9%, stroke 7.8%, other causes 4.2%. Epidemiological data: arterial hypertension 50%, dyslipidemia 34%, smoking 33%, antiplatelet medication 21%, alcoholism 19%, anticoagulant therapy 15%, diabetes 15%. The Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) upon admission was 3 in 68.8% of the cases in early BD versus in 38.2% of the cases in BD occurring after 24 h (p = 0.0001). Eighty-five patients presented supratentorial hematomas with a volume of 90.9 ml in early BD versus 82.7 ml in BD >24 h (p = 0.54). The mean midline shift was 10.7 mm in early BD versus 7.8 mm in BD >24 h (p = 0.045). Ninety-one patients presented ventriculomegaly and 38 additionally ependymal transudation (p = 0.021). Thirty-six patients with early BD versus 24 with BD >24 h presented complete effacement of basal cisterns (p = 0.005), sulcular effacement (p = 0.013), loss of cortico-subcortical differentiation (p = 0.0001) and effacement of the suprasellar cistern (p = 0.005). The optic nerve sheath measurements showed no significant differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Early BD (>24 h) was associated to GCS < 5, midline shift, effacement of the basal cisterns, cerebral sulci and suprasellar cistern, and ependymal transudation.

[Brain death due to pneumocephalus and dural fistula in the post-operative period for a herniated lumbar disc]. / Muerte encefalica por neumoencefalo y fistula dural en el postoperatorio de hernia discal lumbar.

TITLE: Muerte encefalica por neumoencefalo y fistula dural en el postoperatorio de hernia discal lumbar.

First isolation of Vibrio tapetis and an atypical strain of Aeromonas salmonicida from skin ulcerations in common dab (Limanda limanda) in the North Sea.

Skin ulcerations rank amongst the most prevalent lesions affecting wild common dab (Limanda limanda) with an increase in prevalence of up to 3.5% in the Belgian part of the North Sea. A complex aetiology of these ulcerations is suspected, and many questions remain on the exact factors contributing to these lesions. To construct the aetiological spectrum of skin ulcerations in flatfish, a one-day monitoring campaign was undertaken in the North Sea. Fifteen fish presented with one or more ulcerations on the pigmented and/or non-pigmented side. Pathological features revealed various stages of ulcerations with loss of epidermal and dermal tissue, inflammatory infiltrates and degeneration of the myofibers bordering the ulceration, albeit in varying degrees. Upon bacteriological examination, pure cultures of Vibrio tapetis were retrieved in high numbers from five fish and of Aeromonas salmonicida in one fish. The V. tapetis isolates showed cross-reactivity with the sera against the representative strain of serotype O2 originating form a carpet-shell clam (Ruditapes descussatus). Moreover, the A. salmonicida isolates displayed a previously undescribed vapA gene sequence (A-layer type) with possible specificity towards common dab. Further research is necessary to pinpoint the exact role of these agents in the development of skin ulcerations in common dab.

Two-dimensional proteome reference map of Vibrio tapetis, the aetiological agent of brown ring disease in clams.

AIMS: Vibrio tapetis is the etiological agent of brown ring disease (BRD) in clams, one of the most threatening diseases affecting this commercially important bivalve. In this study we have constructed a proteome reference map of the V. tapetis type strain CECT 4600(T). METHODS AND RESULTS: Eighty-two proteins, consistently present in all 2D-gels, were identified by mass spectrometry or by de novo sequencing. The majority of the proteins identified (66%) belonged to four COG categories: 'Carbohydrate transport and metabolism', 'Post-translational modification, protein turnover and chaperones', 'Energy production', and 'Amino acid transport and metabolism'. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, enolase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, phosphoglycerate kinase. molecular chaperones Dnak and GroEL, alkyl hydroperoxide reductase, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase B and factor Tu, were identified among the 20 most abundant proteins. A comparison of this reference map with that obtained for the V. tapetis strain GR0202RD, with different origin and pathophysiological characteristics, was performed. CONCLUSIONS: Under the culture conditions employed in this study, glucose degradation is one of the major pathways for energy production in Vibrio tapetis. In addition, the two strains studied, although with remarkable differences at genetic and pathophysiological levels, showed a high similarity under laboratory conditions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results obtained here can be considered as a first step to gather valuable information on protein expression, related not only to diverse cellular functions and regulation but also to pathogenesis and bacterium-host interactions in the disease process.

Characterization of Vibrio tapetis strains isolated from diseased cultured Wedge sole (Dicologoglossa cuneata Moreau).

The first isolation of Vibrio tapetis from Wedge sole (Dicologoglossa cuneata) is reported. The bacterium was recovered from ulcers of ailing cultured fish, from two different outbreaks occurred in spring 2005. The four isolates found (a200, a201, a204 and a255) were biochemically, genetically and serologically characterized and diagnosis was confirmed by PCR V. tapetis specific primers and multilocus sequencing analysis (MLSA). The isolates constituted a homogeneous phenotypic and genotypic group, being distinct to the already serological and genetic groups defined within the species. A virulence evaluation of the isolate a255 was also carried out; however this strain was unable to induce disease in fry and juvenile Wedge sole.

Phenotypic, serological and genetic characterization of Pseudomonas anguilliseptica strains isolated from cod, Gadus morhua L., in northern Europe.

The biochemical, serological and genetic characteristics of six strains of Pseudomonas anguilliseptica isolated from cod, Gadus morhua, in Scotland were compared to well characterized isolates of this same bacterial species but of different origin. Biochemical and physiological analyses showed that this group of isolates was highly homogeneous, their characteristics matching previous descriptions of the pathogen. Similar results were obtained for the six cod isolates in the serological assays, all of them belonging to the serotype O1. Marked homogeneity was observed also in the genetic study, analysed by means of RAPD, ERIC-PCR and REP-PCR procedures, showing that they were similar to isolates from gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata, black spot seabream, Pagellus bogaraveo, and turbot, Psetta maxima. Virulence assays demonstrated that the cod isolates were highly pathogenic for turbot and sole, Solea senegalensis, with LD50 between 7.6 x 10(4) and 5 x 10(7) bacterial cells per fish.